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Before 1990
- 1966. Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) launched by the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Educational Research and Improvement and the National Library of Education.
- 1966. Medline launched by the National Library of Medicine (but not free until 1997).
- April 7, 1969. First Request for Comments (RFC) published by Steve Crocker, triggering a long series of free online documents on the development of the internet. See these details on the history of RFCs.
- August 30, 1969. Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) launched by the U.S. Department of Defense. It ceased operation in 1990. See these details on ARPANET's history.
- 1971. Project Gutenberg launched by Michael Hart.
- 1974. The libraries of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) and Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY) began electronic cataloging of preprint literature in physics. Their catalog soon joined the Stanford Physics [later Public] Information Retrieval System (SPIRES) High Energy Physics (HEP) online database. See these details on SPIRES HEP's history.
- 1979. USENET launched by Tom Truscott, Jim Ellis, Steve Bellovin, and Steve Daniel. See these details on USENET's history.
- 1981. Joint Academic Network (JANET) launched by JISC.
- May 5, 1981. Because It's Time Network (BITNET) launched with a link between Yale and the City University of New York. See these details on BITNET's history.
- January 1, 1983. ARPANET switched from the NCP protocol to TCP/IP, marking what many consider to be the birth of the internet. See these details on the planning for this transition.
- July 1987. Perseus Project launched on CD's (not free until it moved to the web in 1994).
- Fall 1987. New Horizons in Adult Education launched by the Syracuse University Kellogg Project. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.) See these details on NHAE's history.
- 1989. Newsletter on Serials Pricing Issues launched. See these details on NSPI's history.
- 1989. Psycoloquy launched by Stevan Harnad. (An early free online journal that became peer-reviewed on January 28, 1990.) Psycoloquy is sponsored but not published by the American Psychological Association.
- June 1989. Eddy van der Maarel and most of his editorial board resigned from Vegetatio in order to launch the Journal of Vegetation Science. See Declarations of Independence.
- August 16, 1989. The Public-Access Computer Systems Review launched by Charles W. Bailey, Jr. (An early free online journal with a peer-reviewed section starting in April 1992.)
1990
- 1990. Electronic Journal of Communication launched. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.) See these details on EJC's history.
- 1990. Hytelnet launched by Peter Scott. (The first online hypertext internet directory, noted especially for its links to network-accessible library catalogues.)
- 1990. Postmodern Culture launched by Eyal Amiran, Greg Dawes, Elaine Orr, and John Unsworth. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.) See these details on PMC's history.
- October 1990. Tim Berners-Lee wrote first web client and server (released March 1991).
- November 1990. Bryn Mawr Classical Review launched. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.) See these details on BMCR's history.
1991
- 1991. Gopher launched by Paul Lindner and Mark McCahill.
- 1991. Surfaces launched by Jean-Claude Guédon. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.)
- February 4, 1991. Behavioral and Brain Sciences (not an open-access journal) launched an open-access FTP Preprints archive containing accepted papers but not their accompanying commentaries and responses. This became an open-access web archive in 1993 and an OAI-compliant eprint archive, BBSPrints, in 1999.
- April 1991. EJournal launched by Edward M. Jennings. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.) See these details on EJ's history.
- May 17, 1991. World Wide Web standard released by CERN and Tim Berners-Lee.
- July 10, 1991. The Mathematical Physics Preprint Archive or mp_arc was launched by H. Koch, R. de la Llave, and C. Radin at the University of Texas at Austin.
- August 16, 1991. arXiv launched by Paul Ginsparg.
1992
- 1992. Computer Science Technical Reports (CS-TR) launched. The project ended in 1996. See these details on CS-TR's history.
- 1992. Entrez launched by the National Center for Biotechnology Information CD's, not free until 1993).
- 1992. Ibiblio launched, originally as the SunSite repository of public domain source code. It adopted its current name in September 2000.
- March 1992. The Logic Journal of the IGPL launched by the Interest Group in Pure and Applied Logics. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.)
- April 27, 1992. First Symposium on Scholarly Publishing on the Electronic Networks: Visions and Opportunities in Not-for-Profit Publishing [no web site], sponsored by the Association of Research Libraries and the Association of American University Presses.
- December 5-8, 1992. Second Symposium on Scholarly Publishing on the Electronic Networks: Visions and Opportunities in Not-for-Profit Publishing, sponsored by the Association of Research Libraries and the Association of American University Presses.
- December 13, 1992. Project Runeberg launched by Sweden's Linköping University.
1993
- 1993. The Aboriginal Studies Electronic Data Archive (ASEDA) was launched on gopher by the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. A web edition appeared in 1994.
- 1993. Network Entrez launched, replacing priced CD's with free network access (pre-web).
- 1993. Christian Classics Ethereal Library launched by Harry Platinga.
- January 1993. Project Bartleby launched by Steven H. van Leeuwen.
- January 14, 1993. The Langley Technical Report Server (an open FTP service for research papers) was launched by NASA's Langley Research Center.
- A WAIS server was added on February 10, 1993. The web version was launched in August 1993. See these details on LTRS's history, and these details on the web version.
- January 19, 1993. Education Policy Analysis Archives launched by Gene Glass. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.)
- February 1993. National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) and Marc Andreesen released the alpha version of Mosaic.
- February 1, 1993. Working Papers in Economics (WoPEc) launched by Thomas Krichel.
- April 1993. Association des Bibliophiles Universels (ABU) launched by Pierre Cubaud.
- April 30, 1993. CERN announced that anyone may use WWW technology free of charge.
- May 1993. The Unified Computer Science Technical Report Index (UCSTRI) launched by Marc VanHeyningen and Indiana University. See these details on UCSTRI's history.
- June 1993. The Online Books Page launched by John Mark Ockerbloom.
- August 1993. The Electronic Journal of Analytic Philosophy launched by Indiana University. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.) November 1993. CERN launched its preprint server.
1994
- 1994. Digital Libraries Initiative launched by the National Science Foundation and other U.S. federal agencies.
- 1994. HighWire Press launched by the Stanford University Libraries (fall or winter).
- 1994. Networked Computer Science Technical Reference Library (NCSTRL) launched by DARPA and NSF, merging the two prior projects, CS-TR and WATERS. NCSTRL was suspended in 2001, but might be revived in an OAI-compliant form. See these details and these on NCSTRL's history.
- 1994. Perseus Project launched its free web version (formerly limited to priced CD's).
- 1994. Projekt Gutenberg-DE launched by Gunter Hille.
- January 16, 1994. Wide Area Technical Report Service (WATERS) launched on the web by the Computer Science Departments of Old Dominion University, SUNY Buffalo, University of Virginia, and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. (It emerged from discussions at the 1992 Snowbird Conference for Computer Science Department Heads and may have had a pre-web incarnation but I'm still investigating that.) See these details on WATERS' history.
- March 1994. The National Academies Press started the practice of creating free online full-text editions of all its priced, printed books, and documenting that the former help sell the latter.
- June 1994. NASA Technical Report Server (NTRS) launched by NASA, to search the many distributed LTRS-inspired digital libraries at the agency. The NTRS became OAI-compliant in May 2003.
- June 27, 1994. Self-archiving proposed by Stevan Harnad.
- September 1994. NASA's Astrophysical Data System (ADS) was folded into NTRS.
1995
- April, 1995. Information Research launched by T.D. Wilson. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.)
- May 21, 1995. HighWire Press announced its first hosted or co-published journal, the Journal of Biological Chemistry.
- June 1995. The Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory launched its preprint server. See these details on the project's history.
- July 1995. D-Lib Magazine launched.
- September 1995. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy launched by Edward Zalta.
1996
- 1996. Electronic Publishing Trust for Development (EPT) launched.
- 1996. Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD) launched by Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
- January 1, 1996. The Journal of Clinical Investigation converted to open access (witout using this term). It is published by the American Society for Clinical Investigation and was launched in 1926. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.)
- February 1996. Romanticism on the Net launched by Michael Eberle-Sinatra. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.)
- February 28, 1996. Participants at the International Strategy Meeting on Human Genome Sequencing issued the Bermuda principles, asserting that "all human genomic sequence information, generated by centres funded for large-scale human sequencing, should be freely available and in the public domain". The U.S. National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) adopted the Bermuda principles as policy for all US-funded research on April 9,
1996
- May 10, 1996. The Nordic Journal of Philosophical Logic published its first issue. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal with a priced print edition.) It had to cease publishing its open-access edition in January 2003.
- October 25, 1996. Version 1 of Charles W. Bailey, Jr.'s Scholarly Electronic Publishing Bibliography appeared. (The first online edition of a bibliography with earlier electronic editions.) See these details on SEPB's history.
1997
- 1997. Die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Society) launched a retrospective digitization project for library holdings that eventually became the Göttinger Digitalisierungs-Zentrum (Goettingen Digitization Center).
- March 21, 1997. The Making of America digital library at the University of Michigan first announced in a message from John Price-Wilkin to the DigLib mailing list.
- March 25, 1997. University Provosts' Initiative launched.
- May 12, 1997. Research Papers in Economics (RePEc) launched by Thomas Krichel.
- June 26, 1997. Medline content (already online) became free when incorporated into PubMed.
- August 19, 1997. CogPrints launched by Stevan Harnad.
- September 1997. Slashdot launched by Rob "CmdrTaco" Malda. Many consider Slashdot to be the first blog.
1998
- 1998. Campaign for the Freedom of Distribution of Scientific Work (aka Free Science Campaign) launched by Stefano Ghirlanda.
- 1998. The International Consortium for the Advancement of Academic Publication (ICAAP) launched.
- 1998. Most of the editorial board of the Journal of Academic Librarianship resigned in order to launch Portal: Libraries and the Academy. (FOSN for 10/26/01.) See Declarations of Independence.
- March 27, 1998. Declaration of San José issued. (FOSN for 1/30/02.)
- June 1998. CiteSeer (now called ResearchIndex) launched by the NEC Research Institute.
- June 1998. Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC) launched by ARL.
- August 25, 1998. The September98Forum is launched by American Scientist, moderated by Stevan Harnad.
- August 4, 1998. Manifesto for Responsible Scholarly Publishers released by Stephen Boyd and others on the Stanford Academic Council Committee on Libraries.
- September 1998. Computing Research Repository (CoRR) launched by the ACM, arXiv, NCSTRL, and AAAI.
- October 1998. The National Electronic Article Repository (NEAR) proposed by David Shulenberger.
- November 1998. Michael Rosenzweig and the rest of his editorial board resigned from Evolutionary Ecology in order to create Evolutionary Ecology Research. See Declarations of Independence.
1999
- 1999. The Open Archives Initiative (OAI) is launched. See these details on the history of the OAI.
- 1999. The Open Citation Project (OpCit) is launched.
- 1999. Electronic Information for Libraries Direct (eIFL Direct) launched by the Open Society Institute.
- April 22, 1999. Jointly Administered Knowledge Environment (jake) launched by the Cushing/Whitney Medical Library at the Yale University School of Medicine.
- April 26, 1999. BioMed Central announced plan to offer free online access to all its journals.
- May 5, 1999. E-Biomed proposed by Harold Varmus.
- July 1, 1999. Declaration on Science and the Use of Scientific Knowledge issued by the UNESCO-ICSU World Conference on Science.
- October 21, 1999. The Universal Preprint Service (UPS) prototype was unveiled for study and discussion at the Sante Fe meeting (October 21-22, 1999). The UPS eventually evolved into the Open Archives Initiative (OAI). See these details on the history of the UPS.
- October 22, 1999. Sante Fe Convention issued. See these details on the history of the Sante Fe Convention.
- November 1999. The entire 50 person editorial board of the Journal of Logic Programming resigned in order to launch Theory and Practice of Logic Programming. (FOSN for 5/11/01.) See Declarations of Independence.
2000
- 2000. The Cross-Archive Searching Service (ARC) is launched.
- January 2000. Henry Hagedorn resigned (to take effect in July 2000) as editor of the Archives of Insect Biochemistry & Physiology in order to launch the Journal of Insect Science. See Declarations of Independence.
- February 2000. PubMed Central (free full-text articles) launched to supplement PubMed (free citations and abstracts).
- May 10, 2000. Tempe Principles For Emerging Systems of Scholarly Publishing issued.
- May 16, 2000. Collection of Open Digital Archives (CODA) launched by the CalTech Library System. (Named "Caltech CODA" in September 2002.)
- July 19, 2000. BioMed Central published its first free online article.
- September 29, 2000. Southampton University released Eprints, its OAI-compliant software for eprint archiving.
2001
- 2001. A handful of editors of Topology and Its Applications resigned in order to launch Algebraic and Geometric Topology. See Declarations of Independence.
- 2001. Electronic Society for Social Science (ELSSS) launched by Manfredi La Manna.
- 2001. Networked Computer Science Technical Reference Library (NCSTRL) re-launched.
- January 2001. Programme for the Enhancement of Research Information (PERI) launched by INASP.
- March 23, 2001. Letter to the editor that launched the Public Library of Science (PLoS) published in Science Magazine. See these details on the history of PLoS.
- March 28, 2001. Free Online Scholarship Newsletter (FOSN) launched by Peter Suber. Called the SPARC Open Access Newsletter (SOAN) since July 4, 2003. The back issues are readable and searchable by non-subscribers.
- April 27, 2001. Declaration of Havana issued. (FOSN for 1/23/02.)
- June 2, 2001. Ellen Roche died. (FOSN for 8/23/01.)
- September 1, 2001. The Australian National University launched its E-Print Repository, the first OAI-compliant institutional archive in Australia.
- September 1, 2001. Public Library of Science deadline for science journals to agree to put their full contents online in public archives without charge.
- October 8, 2001. Forty editors of Machine Learning issued a public letter explaining their resignations (which took place over the previous nine months). One of those resigning, Leslie Pack Kaelbling, created the Journal of Machine Learning Research. (FOSN for 10/12/01, 10/19/01.) See Declarations of Independence.
- December 3, 2001. SciDev launched by Nature, Science, and the Third World Academy of Sciences. (FOSN for 1/23/02.)
- December 9, 2001. The French Académie des Sciences issued a public statement calling on the European Commission not to apply ordinary copyright rules to scientific publications for which the authors seek no payment. (FOSN for 2/14/02.)
- December 10, 2001. Citebase is launched by Tim Brody and Southampton University.
2002
- January 1, 2002. BioMed Central started charging processing fees to cover the costs of free online access. (FOSN for 12/19/01, 12/26/01, 1/1/02.)
- January 31, 2002. HINARI started delivering free online content. (FOSN for 2/25/02.)
- February 6, 2002. The International Scholarly Communications Alliance (ISCA) launched. (FOSN for 2/14/02.)
- February 14, 2002. Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) launched by the Open Society Institute. (FOSN for 2/14/02.)
- February 25, 2002. OAIster launched by the University of Michigan Libraries Digital Library Production Services.
- May 16, 2002. Creative Commons launched by Lawrence Lessig.
- May 26, 2002. The FOS News blog launched by Peter Suber. Called Open Access News since June 28, 2003.
- April, 2002. The Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) launched its scholarly communication initiative.
- April 3, 2002. eScholarship Repository launched by the eScholarship initiative of the California Digital Library.
- July 1, 2002. BioMed Central launched its Open Access Charter, assuring open access to its journal contents for the long-term, even after any future changes of ownership.
- July 1, 2002. Eprints software affiliated with GNU, underlining its commitment to remain free and open source.
- July 1, 2002. Ingenta announced its plan to create a commercial version of the eprints software and offer OAI eprint services.
- August 1, 2002. Eprints-UK launched by JISC-FAIR.
- August 1, 2002. Project RoMEO (Rights MEtadata for Open archiving) launched by JISC-FAIR.
- August 1, 2002. Project SHERPA (Securing a Hybrid Environment for Research Preservation and Access) launched by JISC-FAIR.
- August 1, 2002. Project TARDIS (Targeting Academic Research for Deposit and Disclosure) launched by JISC-FAIR.
- August 15, 2002. CERN released CDSWare, its OAI-compliant open-source software for document servers.
- September 30, 2002. MIT officially launched the OpenCourseWare project. It had been publicly announced as early as April 2001. See these details and these on OCW's history.
- October 28, 2002. Over 300 University of California Press books are made freely available online as eScholarship Editions, through a partnership with the eScholarship initiative of the California Digital Library.
- October 31, 2002. DARE launched by the Dutch government.
- November 4, 2002. MIT released DSpace, its OAI-compliant open-source software for archiving eprints and other academic content.
- November 4, 2002. PubSCIENCE was discontinued by the U.S. federal government in response to lobbying by commercial publishers.
- November 6, 2002. Bonn statement issued by the German university rectors.
- November 8, 2002. The Public Knowledge Project released Open Journal Systems, its open-source journal management and publishing software.
- December 17, 2002. The Public Library of Science received a $9 million grant from the Moore Foundation for open-access publishing and announced its first two open-access journals.
2003
- January 15, 2003. In Eldred v. Ashcroft, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that legislation retroactively extending the term of copyright, or pirating from the public domain, is constitutional.
- January 29, 2003. The Budapest Open Access Initiative published two business guides for open-access publishing, one for launching new open-access journals and one for converting traditional journals to open access, each written by Raym Crow and Howard Goldstein.
- January 31, 2003. SPARC published the SPARC Institutional Repository Checklist & Resource Guide, by Raym Crow.
- February 14, 2003. The BOAI Forum was launched by the Budapest Open Access Initiative.
- February 26, 2003. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) adopted its Data Sharing Policy.
- April 14, 2003. The Royal Society released a report, Keeping science open, advocating intellectual property law reforms (in copyright, patents, and database rights) to widen access to scientific publications and remove obstacles to the process of scientific inquiry.
- May 1, 2003. FEDORA (Flexible Extensible Digital Object and Repository Architecture) version 1.0 was launched by the University of Virginia and Cornell University. See these details, and these, on the history of FEDORA.
- May 12, 2003. The Directory of Open Access Journals launched by Lund University with funding from the Open Society Institute and SPARC. (First announced February 14, 2003, but not officially launched until May 12.)
- June 17, 2003. JISC bought 15-month institutional memberships in BioMed Central for all 180 universities in the UK. The memberships begin July 1. See these details on the purchase.
- June 20, 2003. The Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing is released.
- June 26, 2003. Rep. Martin O. Sabo (D-MN) introduced the Public Access to Science Act (HR 2613).
- July 3, 2003. Leon Fink and rest of his editorial board resigned from Labor History in order to launch the journal Labor. See Declarations of Independence.
- August 28, 2003. The ACRL (Association of College & Research Libraries) released its Principles and Strategies for the Reform of Scholarly Communication, endorsing open access.
- October 1, 2003. The Wellcome Trust issued a postion statement endorsing open access. (SOAN for 10/2/03.)
- October 13, 2003. The Public Library of Science launched its first open-access journal, PLoS Biology. (SOAN for 11/2/03.)
- October 19, 2003. The Third World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) issued the Beijing Declaration on scientific advancement, openness, and cooperation.
- October 21, 2003. PubMed Central became OAI-compliant (details).
- October 22, 2003. The Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities was released by the Max Planck Society and European Cultural Heritage Online. (SOAN for 11/2/03.)
- October 27, 2003. The Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP) released a public statement on open access. (It is dated August 27, 2003, apparently the date the ALPSP board adopted it, but it was not released until October 27.) It is brief, but notable for encouraging society publishers to experiment with OA.
- December 4, 2003. The Interacademy Panel on International Issues (IAP), a consortium of science academies from around the world, issued a statement on Access to Scientific Information. The statement endorses some open-access initiatives without using the term "open access".
- December 10, 2003. The UK House of Commons Science and Technology Committee launched an inquiry into the prices and accessibility of scientific journals, including the question whether the government should support open-access journals.
- December 12, 2003. The UN World Summit on the Information Society approved a Declaration of Principles and Plan of Action that contained explicit, if brief, endorsements of open access to scientific information.
- December 31, 2003. The entire editorial board of the Journal of Algorithms resigned in order to launch Transactions on Algorithms. See Declarations of Independence.
2004
- January 2004. Twenty-five journal editors and the World Health Organization released the public statement, Galvanising Mental Health Research in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Role of Scientific Journals. One of its recommendations is that journals provide open access to their contents.
- January 15, 2004. The Valparaiso Declaration for Improved Scientific Communication in the Electronic Medium released in Chile.
- January 20, 2004. The National Library of Canada (NLC) started providing open access to doctoral dissertations on deposit at Theses Canada.
- January 27, 2004. The entire editorial board of Les cahiers du numérique resigned in order protest the journal's high price and limited online access policy. See Declarations of Independence.
- January 30, 2004. Ministerial representatives from 34 nations to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) issued the Declaration on Access to Research Data From Public Funding (scroll down to Annex 1).
- February 24, 2004. The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) released the IFLA Statement on Open Access to Scholarly Literature and Research Documentation.
- March 16, 2004. A group of 48 non-profit publishers issued the Washington D.C. Principles for Free Access to Science. (See SOAN for 4/2/04.)
- March 26, 2004. The Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP) released the ALPSP Principles of Scholarship-Friendly Journal Publishing Practice.
- May 25, 2004. The Australian Group of Eight, the country's eight leading research universities, released a Statement on open access to scholarly information. (The document is dated April 2004 but was released on May 25.)
- June 3, 2004. Elsevier announced its new policy to permit authors to post the final editions of their full-text Elsevier articles to their personal web sites or their institutional repositories. (June 3 is the official announcement date, but the policy was first publicized on May 27.)
* Kalendarium opublikowane za zgodą Autora
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